The calculation of mortar fraction is based upon volumetric relationships for concrete developed by Feret of France (1896). These relationships form the basis for the absolute volume method of concrete mixture design of ACI 211 and also the gravimetric air content calculation methods of ASTM C 138.

Concrete is the most widely used man-made product in the world, and is second only to water as the world's most utilised substance. Slightly more than a tonne of concrete is produced each year for every human being on the planet - some six billion tonnes per year. In its simplest form, concrete is a mixture of cement paste and aggregates.

TeknCoat is a specialist in insulation, energy-saving and water- proofing and can provide total solutions to the construction industry. TeknCoat's systems start protecting a structure as soon as piling works are done, right up to waterproofing of the roof.

TeknCoat's two-coat system for walls, roofs and areas of a structure exposed to atmosphere acts as a waterproofing and as well as energy-saving coating. The two compounds are W1 and W2. Both are liquid polyurethane, with the first generally used as a primer and the latter as a final coating.

What is durable concrete? For industry groups and engineers, it involves factors such as minimum cement content, composition of cement, water to cement ratio, initial chloride content, cover, perhaps slump, perhaps aggregate quality, workmanship and in some cases, allowable crack width.

Ardex UK, part of the globally established Ardex Group, has introduced its high performance range of fast track self-levelling smoothing compounds, repair mortars and screeds throughout the Middle East.

Clear 's extending Stratfull's earlier work from the California Department of Transportation, established a simplified equation relating lifespan to a range of factors, purely upon an empirical analysis of water ponding test data.